3 August 2020
The authors of a new scientific study have found toxic herbicides in the waters of Camps Bay. Photo: Steve Kretzmann
Herbicides which have been banned in other parts of the world have been found in seawater in Camps Bay, and accumulating in seaweed and marine organisms such as mussels, limpets, and sea urchins.
A recent study published in the journal, Science of the Total Environment, notes the presence of five herbicides in samples of seawater, sediment, sand, and marine organisms in Camps Bay. The herbicides are atrazine, alachlor, simazine, metolachlor, and butachlor.
The samples were taken on 6 September 2017, at the height of the drought, which makes it unlikely that the presence of herbicides in the sea water was due to runoff.
The authors of the paper, “Presence and risk assessment of herbicides in the marine environment of Camps Bay”, say the marine outfall at Camps Bay – the sewage pipe that extends almost 1.5km out to the middle of the bay at a depth of 28 metres – is the likely source of herbicides entering the environment. They say “very little storm water was discharged during the study period in 2017 due to the extended drought”.
The sewage pipe discharges about 2.4 million litres of sewage into the bay per day, according to a 2017 report by the CSIR commissioned by the City of Cape Town. The only treatment this sewage from Camps Bay and Bantry Bay receives, before being spewed out into the bay, is to be pumped through a three millimetre grid to remove solids.
Cape Town’s Mayco Member for Water and Waste, Xanthea Limberg, said the City was aware of the study and does not dispute that herbicides were present in the water samples and are accumulating in marine organisms.
But Limberg said the “constant referral” to the sewage pipe as the primary source of the chemical tests “is incorrect and not substantiated by fact, data or science and must be corrected or withdrawn in the scientific literature”.
She said the editors of Science of the Total Environment have been approached and agreed to publish a response, and to request the authors of the study to respond to “a number of key scientific questions”.
Previous studies have shown that pharmaceutical compounds have been found in Camps Bay’s waters, and industrial effluents have been found in Granger Bay near the Green Point marine outfall where over 27 million litres of sieved sewage is pumped out to sea every day. This new study is the first to identify the existence and bioaccumulation of hazardous herbicides.
The authors, Cecilia Y. Ojemaye (University of the Western Cape), Chionyedua T. Onwordi (University of the Western Cape and Lagos State University), Daniela M. Pampanin (University of Stavanger, Norway), Magne O. Sydnes (University of Stavanger), and Leslie Petrik (University of the Western Cape), found all five herbicides present in all samples, except for limpets, in which metalochlor and butachlor were below the level of detection. However, the limpets sampled contained high levels of simazine. Simazine was also the most concentrated of the compounds found in mussels, sea urchins, and the two types of seaweed sampled (Ulva and Codium fragile).
Simazine, which is used to kill weeds and grasses, is banned in the EU, yet the mussels tested in this study were found to contain 157.8 nanograms per gram dry weight. Atrazine — which was also found in the mussels, sea urchins, limpets and seaweed — and simazine are herbicides that appear on the United Kingdom ‘red list’ of most dangerous substances.
According to information published by Cornell University, the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a Lifetime Health Advisory for simazine in drinking water at 1,000 nanograms (1 microgram). Thus, according to the EPA, drinking 1,000 nanograms or less of simazine a day for a lifetime does not pose any health concern. However, consuming more than this amount over a long period of time has “caused tremors, damage to testes, kidneys, liver and thyroid, as well as disturbance in sperm production, and gene mutations in laboratory animals”.
Atrazine, for instance, has been recognised as an endocrine disruptor, which is a chemical that mimics hormones or interferes in the body’s ability to regulate itself.
But beyond human health, the herbicides entering Camps Bay “represent an ecological threat to this environment,” state the authors of the study, which was led by Leslie Petrik.
Besides contamination from the marine outfall, they say it is possible the underground aquifer could be contaminated “and this aspect therefore requires further investigation”.
The study notes that South Africa is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which was ratified in May 2004, yet “the public health significance of water source pollution by pesticides, particularly herbicides, has attracted little attention from government and regulatory agencies”.
There is a high focus on microbial regulation in South Africa, but there are “few standards for organic contaminants, and only one standard for a herbicide, atrazine”. Other studies have shown high levels of chemical pollution in Cape Town’s seas, and in rivers such as the Salt River catchment and Diep River. The authors of this paper argue that “urgent regulation” is necessary to reduce the release of effluents harbouring these chemicals.
The main point, says Petrik, is that these are “synthetic”, “banned chemicals” and they “should not be in the ocean in an MPA (Marine Protected Area)”.
Asked for comment, spokesperson for the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development Reggie Ngcobo confirmed that South Africa is signatory to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but said none of the products listed in the study were presently included on the convention’s list of persistent organic pollutants.
He said the manufacture, distribution, sale, use and advertisement of atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metalochlor, and butachlor was governed by the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act and the Agricultural Remedies regulations.
“The department may review the use of any substances should scientific basis be established,” said Ngcobo.